UNIT I                                                                                               

Biostatistics: Scope of Biostatistics, exploring and presenting data: scales of measurement (nominal and ordinal), tables and graphs for nominal, ordinal and numerical data, summarizing data: measure of central tendency and dispersion                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

UNIT II                                                                                                    

Microscopy: Magnifiers and microscopes, simple and compound microscopes, bright field and dark field microscopy, confocal and deconvolution  microscopy, microscopic measurements, phase contrast, fluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy – SEM, TEM.                                                      

UNIT III                                                                                            

Histology of Tissues: Selection of material, chemical fixation – types of fixatives, mechanism of fixation, tissue dehydration – general protocol, rapid dehydration and dehydration using a graded solvent series of ethanol or acetone, infiltrating and embedding tissues, sectioning, mounting and staining, alternate methods of microtomy: cryotome  and vibratome.

UNIT IV                                                                                              

Basic Techniques: Agarose gel electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE, isolation and purification of genomic DNA, elution from gel, Blotting (Southern, Northern and Western), HPLC, Autoradiography

UNIT V                                                                                               

Microbiological and Immunotechniques: Sterilization and disinfection: Preparation of media, sterilization, culture and transfer instruments, cultivation chambers, culture transfer techniques, pure culture techniques: streak plate, pour plate and spread plate method, media preparation-solid and liquid media, simple and complex media, nutrient agar slabs, slants and plates, staining techniques, simple and differential staining, enumeration using haemocytometer, bio chemical characterization – TSI test, IMViC test, ELISA, Radio Immunoassay (RIA), Ouchterlony latex agglutination test, monoclonal and polyclonal antibody production