Plant Anatomy and Embryology

Paper Code: 
BOT 401
Credits: 
3
Contact Hours: 
45.00
Max. Marks: 
100.00
Objective: 

Course Objectives: 

This course will enable the students to-

  1. To make the students study morphology, structure and development of flowering plants and its practical and experimental aspects.
  2. To make the students learn about the basic concepts in anatomy and to understand the various components of stem and wood during its secondary growth, about the mechanism of pollination and basic structure of the embryo.

Course Outcomes (COs):

Course

Course Outcomes

Learning and teaching strategies

Assessment Strategies

Paper Code

Paper Title

BOT 401

Plant Anatomy and Embryology

On completion of this course, the students will be able to:

CO51: Learn the basic aspects of anatomy of plant tissues such as meristems, epidermis, permanent tissues, complex tissue systems and structure of plant organs; reproductive developmental aspects of male reproductive system and female reproductive system.

CO52: Understand to utilize embryological studies in various aspects like analysis of evolutionary trends, circumscription and delimitation of taxa and making a decision on systematic positions.

CO53: Learn to Compare and contrast the floral characters of different plant groups.

CO54: Understanding of    taxonomic terminology vis a vis morphological features of plants

CO55: Develop an understanding of the histological aspects of the development of above ground and underground plant parts.

 

Class lectures

Seminars

Tutorials

Group discussions and Workshops

Question Framing

 

Class test, Semester end examinations, Quiz, Solving problems in tutorials, Assignments, Presentation, Individual and group projects
 

 

 

9.00
Unit I: 
Plant anatomy

Plant anatomy:  Classification of meristems; Meristems and permanent tissue: Simple tissues, complex tissues and secretory tissues; Histological organization of shoot apical meristem and root apical meristem.

 

9.00
Unit II: 
Plant Development

Plant Development: Origin, structure and function of cambium; Primary and secondary structure of root and stem, anomalous secondary growth (Bignonia, Boerhaavia, Leptadenia and Nyctanthes), periderm, lenticels, origin of lateral roots; Origin, structure and development of leaf, branching and its patterns.

 

9.00
Unit III: 
Embryology

Embryology I:  Structure of anthers, microsporogenesis, role of tapetum, pollination, pollen germination, pollen tube growth. Megasporogenesis, ovule development, types of ovules, development and types of embryo sacs, embryo sac cells, and double fertilization, in vitro fertilization. 

 

9.00
Unit IV: 
Embryology

Embryology II:  Endosperm: structure, types and development, Embryogenesis: the zygote, Types of embyogeny, embryo development in dicotyledons and monocotyledons, nutrition of embryo.

 

9.00
Unit V: 
Seed

Seed: Polyembryony, apomixes; Development and structure of seed coat, seed dormancy (primary and secondary) and causes of seed dormancy and methods to break seed dormancy. Specialized structures related to seed: caruncle, aril and operculum.

 

 

Essential Readings: 
  • Bhatnagar S.P. and Dantu P.K. (2017). The Embryology of Angiosperms, 6th Edition Vikas Publishing House.
  •  Crang,  R.,  Lyons-Sobaski, S. &  Wise, R. (2018). Plant Anatomy: A Concept-Based Approach to the Structure of Seed Plants. Springer
  • Charles B. Beck. (2012. An Introduction to Plant Structure and Development. Cambridge University Press
  • Bhatnagar, S.S. (2002). The Embryology of Angiosperms. Vikas Publishing House.
  • Dickison, W.C. (2000). Integrative Plant Anatomy. Harcourt Academic Press, USA.
  • Bhojwani, S.S and Bhatnagar, S.P (2000). The Embryology of Angiosperms, 4th revised and enlarged edition, Vikas Publication House, New Delhi.
  • Cutter, E.G. (1978), Part I Cells and Tissues, Edward Arnold, London
  • Cutter, E.G (1971). Plant Anatomy: Experiment and Interpretation Part II, Organs, Edward Arnold, London
  • Eames, A.J. (1999). An Introduction to Plant Anatomy (2nd edition). Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
  • Fahn, A. (1982). Plant Anatomy (3rd edition). Pergamon Press, Oxford.
  • Esau, K (2006). Anatomy of Seed Plants, 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

 

References: 

Suggested Readings:

  • Grewal, R.C. (2000). Plant Anatomy. Campus Books International, New Delhi.
  • Hartmann, H.T and Kestler, D.E (1976). Plant propagation: Principles and Practices, 3rd edition Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.
  • Leins, P; Tucker, S.C and Endress, P.K. (1988). Aspects of Floral Development. J. Cramer, Germany.
  • Pandey, B.P. (2002). Plant Anatomy. 6th Rev. S. Chand & Co., Delhi.
  • Raghavan, V. (1997). Molecular Embryology of Flowering plants. Cambridge University press. Cambridge, UK.
  • Proctor, M and Yeo, P. (1973). The Pollination of Flowers. Witham Collins Sons, London.
  • Raghavan, V. (1999). Developmental Biology of Flowering Plants. Springer-Verlag, New York.
  • Raven, P.H; Evrt, R.F and Eichhom, S. (1992). Biology of Plants (5th edition). Worth, New York.

e - Recourses

Journals:

  • Journal of Embryology & Developmental Biology (Open Access)
  • The Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society (Oxford Academic)
  • Annual Review of Plant Biology (Annual Reviews)

 

Academic Year: 
2022-2023
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