Cell envelopes and organelles : Cell wall : structure, plasma membrane: structure, models and functions, structure and function of chloroplast, mitochondria, golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, plasmodesmata, vacuoles, ribosomes, biogenesis of chloroplast and mitochondria. Ultrastructure of nucleus, nuclear membrane, nucleolus, nuclear pores.
Chromosome Organization: Chromosome structure and packaging of DNA, specialized type of chromosome: Polytene and lampbrush chromosome, B chromosomes, Heterochromatin and Euchromatin, Barr bodies.
Cell Division: Amitosis, Mitosis, Meiosis, Cell cycle .
DNA-The Genetic Material: DNA structure, A, B and Z forms , replication, DNA damage and repair, DNA methylation, transposons , satellite and repetitive DNA, transcription of DNA, transcription factors, RNA processing, translation.
RNA-The Genetic Material: RNA structure and its types- r RNA , mRNA , and tRNA. Biogenesis and structure of different types of RNA, RNA editing, nucleolus and ribosomal RNA genes.