Scope of Biostastistics, exploring and presenting data: scales of measurement (nominal and ordinal), tables and graphs for nominal, ordinal and numerical data, summarizing data: measure of central tendency and dispersion

Magnifiers and microscopes, simple and compound microscopes, bright field and dark field microscopy, confocal and deconvolution microscopy, microscopic measurements, phase contrast, fluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy – SEM, TEM. 

Selection of material, chemical fixation – types of fixatives, mechanism of fixation, tissue dehydration – general protocol, rapid dehydration and dehydration using a graded solvent series of ethanol or acetone, infiltrating and embedding tissues, sectioning, mounting and staining, alternate methods of microtomy :cryotome  and vibratome.                                                                                                                                                                      

 Agarose  gel electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE, isolation and purification of genomic DNA, elution from gel, PCR, Blotting(Southern, Nothern and western),HPLC, Autoradiography.                                                             

 Sterilization and disinfection: Preparation of media, sterilization, culture and transfer instruments, cultivation chambers, culture transfer techniques, pure culture techniques: streak plate, pour plate and spread plate method, media preparation-solid and liquid media, simple and complex media, nutrient agar slabs, slants and plates, staining techniques, simple and differential staining, enumeration using haemocytometer, bio chemical characterization – TSI test, IMViC test, ELISA, Radio Immunoassay (RIA), Ouchterlony latex agglutination test, monoclonal and polyclonal antibody production