PLANT ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY

Paper Code: 
24CBOT301
Credits: 
4
Contact Hours: 
60.00
Max. Marks: 
100.00
Objective: 

This course will enable the students to-

  1. To make the students study morphology, structure and development of flowering plants and its practical and experimental aspects.
  2. To make the students learn about the basic concepts in anatomy and to understand the various components of stem and wood during its secondary growth, about the mechanism of pollination and basic structure of the embryo.

 

Course Outcomes: 

Course

Learning Outcome

(at course level)

Learning and Teaching strategies

Assessment Strategies

Course Code

Course title

24CBOT

301

PLANT ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY

CO21: Analyse the internal structure of plants and it will enhance the basic understanding of organization of plant body by cells and tissues. Develop critical thinking on the evolution of concept of organization of shoot and root apex.

CO22: Evaluate and understand the role and structure of cambium in the primary and secondary growth in root, stem and leaf and its anomalous behavior in various dicot stem

CO23: Analyse the structure and composition of anthers, ovules and different types of embryo sac and their role in the process of fertilization.

CO24: Student learn to evaluate different types of post fertilization changes with reference to endosperm and embryo development.

CO25: Learn to apply the knowledge of polyembryony & apomixes in seed and fruit development and study the different causes of seed dormancy & methods to overcome it. They also learn to analyse seed coat development and its various forms.

CO26: Contribute effectively in course-specific interaction.

Approach in teaching: Interactive Lectures, Discussion, Tutorials, Reading assignments, Demonstration, Team teaching

Learning activities for the student:

Self-learning assignment, Effective questions, Stimulation, Seminar presentation.

Class test, Semester end examinations, Quiz, Solving problems in tutorials, Assignments, Presentation, Individual and group projects
 

 

12.00
Unit I: 
Plant anatomy

Classification of meristems; Meristems and permanent tissue: Simple tissues, complex tissues and secretory tissues; Histological organization of shoot apical meristem and root apical meristem.                                      

 

 

12.00
Unit II: 
Plant Development

Origin, structure and function of cambium; Primary and secondary structure of root and stem, anomalous secondary growth (Bignonia, Boerhaavia, Leptadenia and Nyctanthes), periderm, lenticels, origin of lateral roots; Origin, structure and development of leaf, branching and its patterns.

 

12.00
Unit III: 
Embryology I

Structure of anthers, microsporogenesis, role of tapetum, pollination, pollen germination, pollen tube growth. Megasporogenesis, ovule development, types of ovules, development and types of embryo sacs, embryo sac cells, and double fertilization, in vitro fertilization. 

 

 

12.00
Unit IV: 
Embryology II

Endosperm: structure, types and development, Embryogenesis: the zygote, Types of embryogeny, embryo development in dicotyledons and monocotyledons, nutrition of embryo.

 

12.00
Unit V: 
Seed

Polyembryony, apomixes; Development and structure of seed coat, seed dormancy (primary and secondary) and causes of seed dormancy and methods to break seed dormancy. Specialized structures related to seed: caruncle, aril and operculum.

 

Essential Readings: 
  • Bhatnagar S.P. and Dantu P.K. (2017). The Embryology of Angiosperms, 6th Edition Vikas Publishing House.
  •  Crang,  R.,  Lyons-Sobaski, S. &  Wise, R. (2018). Plant Anatomy: A Concept-Based Approach to the Structure of Seed Plants. Springer
  • Charles B. Beck. (2012. An Introduction to Plant Structure and Development. Cambridge University Press
  • Bhatnagar, S.S. (2002). The Embryology of Angiosperms. Vikas Publishing House.
  • Dickison, W.C. (2000). Integrative Plant Anatomy. Harcourt Academic Press, USA.
  • Bhojwani, S.S and Bhatnagar, S.P (2000). The Embryology of Angiosperms, 4th revised and enlarged edition, Vikas Publication House, New Delhi.
  • Cutter, E.G. (1978), Part I Cells and Tissues, Edward Arnold, London
  • Cutter, E.G (1971). Plant Anatomy: Experiment and Interpretation Part II, Organs, Edward Arnold, London
  • Eames, A.J. (1999). An Introduction to Plant Anatomy (2nd edition). Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
  • Fahn, A. (1982). Plant Anatomy (3rd edition). Pergamon Press, Oxford.
  • Esau, K (2006). Anatomy of Seed Plants, 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

 

References: 
  • Grewal, R.C. (2000). Plant Anatomy. Campus Books International, New Delhi.
  • Hartmann, H.T and Kestler, D.E (1976). Plant propagation: Principles and Practices, 3rd edition Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.
  • Leins, P; Tucker, S.C and Endress, P.K. (1988). Aspects of Floral Development. J. Cramer, Germany.
  • Pandey, B.P. (2002). Plant Anatomy. 6th Rev. S. Chand & Co., Delhi.
  • Raghavan, V. (1997). Molecular Embryology of Flowering plants. Cambridge University press. Cambridge, UK.
  • Proctor, M and Yeo, P. (1973). The Pollination of Flowers. Witham Collins Sons, London.
  • Raghavan, V. (1999). Developmental Biology of Flowering Plants. Springer-Verlag, New York.
  • Raven, P.H; Evrt, R.F and Eichhom, S. (1992). Biology of Plants (5th edition). Worth, New York.

 

e - Recourses

 

Journals:

  • Journal of Embryology & Developmental Biology (Open Access)
  • The Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society (Oxford Academic)
  • Annual Review of Plant Biology (Annual Reviews)

 

 

 

 

Academic Year: 
2024-2025
  • Printer-friendly version
  • PDF version