Cytology & Genetics

Paper Code:

24BOT122

Credits:

4

Contact Hours:

60.00

Max. Marks:

100.00

Objective:

This course will enable the students to –

To provide insight into structure and functions of chromosomes, chromosome mapping, polyploidy and cytogenetic aspects of crop evolution
To study the Mendelian as well as modern aspects of genetics with Cytogenetics.
To develop understanding of the tools of genetic and physical mapping.

Course Outcomes:

CO7: Critically evaluate and analyze the structure and packaging of DNA and proteins and understand its applications.

CO8: Understand the genomes of virus, bacteria and eukaryotic organisms to interpret pathology of chromosomes, role and functions of mobile genetic elements.

CO9: Understand, analyse & apply the knowledge on gene organization for solving experimental and theoretical problems involving gene regulation

CO10: Understand and evaluate types of mutations to critically analyse the role of mutagens, proto-oncogene and oncogenes in mutagenesis and understand the mechanism of sex determination and extrachromosomal inheritance pattern in different organisms.

CO11: Apply and understand various methods of Genetic mapping by using genetic markers-RFLP, RAPD, SNPs and understand their role.

CO 12 Contribute effectively in course-specific interaction.

12.00

Unit I:

Chromatin organization

Chromosome structure, packaging of DNA (nucleosome organization, solenoid model), molecular organization of centromere and telomere, SMC proteins-Cohesin and Condensin proteins, cot curve, Repetitive DNA, DNA methylation, specialized types of chromosomes: polytene and lampbrush, B-chromosomes.

12.00

Unit II:

Genome Anatomies

Genomes of Virus, Bacteria and Eukaryotic organisms; mobile genetic elements, transformation, conjugation and transduction in bacteria, cytoplasmic male sterility, structural and numerical alternations in chromosomes, Robertsonian translocations, B-A translocations, Alien gene transfer-examples from Triticum, Arachis and Brassica.

12.00

Unit III:

Gene structure and expression

Fine structure of gene, translation, regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, significance of introns, panoply of operon, catabolic repression, attenuation and antitermination, Gene silencing: RNAi, Antisense RNA.

12.00

Unit IV:

Mutations

Spontaneous and induced mutations, physical and chemical mutagens, molecular basis of gene mutations, transposons, site-directed mutagenesis, proto-oncogene and oncogenes, Sex determination, Sex linked inheritence, Sex limited characters

12.00

Unit V:

Molecular Cytogenetics

Genetic mapping, genetic markers-RFLP, RAPD, SNPs.

Physical mapping- Restriction mapping, STS mapping and FISH

Essential Readings:

Brown, T., Brown, T. A. (2012). Introduction to Genetics: A Molecular Approach. United Kingdom: Garland Science.
Russell, P. J. (2010). Genetics: a molecular approach. United Kingdom: Benjamin Cummings.
Singh, A., Singh, B. (2016). Marker-Assisted Plant Breeding: Principles and Practices: Springer India.
Gupta, P.K., Tsuchiya, T. (2012). Chromosome Engineering in Plants: Genetics, Breeding, Evolution. Netherlands: Elsevier Science.
Sinha and Sinha. (2015). Cytogenetics, Plant Breeding and Evolution. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Goldstein, E. S., Kilpatrick, S. T., Krebs, J. E. (2017). Lewin's GENE XII. Japan: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

References:

Suggested Readings:

· Pazdernik, N. J., Clark, D. P. (2013). Molecular Biology. Germany: Elsevier Science.

· Snustad, D.P., Simmons, M.J. (2015). Principles of Genetics 7th edition; John Wiley & Sons Inc., USA.

· Klug, W. S. (2012). Concepts of Genetics. United Kingdom: Pearson.

· Hayward, M.D., Bosemark, N.O., Romagosa, T. (2012). Plant Breeding: Principles and Prospects. Netherlands: Springer Netherlands.

· Salinas, B. (2018). Plant Cytogenetics, Breeding and Evolution. United Kingdom: EDTECH.

e-Resources:

· https://www.etsu.edu/uschool/faculty/tadlockd/documents/apbio_19_lecture_outline.pdf

· https://www.uou.ac.in/lecturenotes/science/MSCBOT-17/Viruses%20(BOT-501)%20by%20Dr.%20Kirtika%20Padalia.pdf

· https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/102/104/102104056/

· https://nptel.ac.in/courses/102103015