Cytology and Genetics

Paper Code: 
BOT 122
Credits: 
4
Contact Hours: 
60.00
Max. Marks: 
100.00
Objective: 

Course Objectives:

This course will enable the students to –

  1. To provide insight into structure and functions of chromosomes, chromosome mapping, polyploidy and cytogenetic aspects of crop evolution
  2. To study the Mendelian as well as modern aspects of genetics with Cytogenetics.
  3. To develop understanding of the tools of genetic and physical mapping.

 

Course Outcomes (COs):

     Course

       Course Outcome

Learning and teaching strategies

Assessment Strategies

Paper Code

Paper Title

BOT 122

 

Cytology and Genetics

On completion of this course, the students will be able to:

CO6: learn to perform cell culture, chromosome preparations, karyotyping and FISH analysis of chromosomes.

CO7:  Learn to diagnose and interpret pathology of chromosomes (chromosome aberrations, trisomy, rearrangements etc.).

CO8: Understand and investigate the cause and effect of chromosome abnormalities and associated human diseases.

CO9 Develop a professional knowledge of the cytogenetic disorders

CO10: Develop knowledge of basic cytogenetic laboratory techniques necessary to prepare tissue samples

Class lectures

Seminars

Tutorials

Group discussions and Workshops

Question preparation

 

 

Class test, Semester end examinations, Quiz, Solving problems in tutorials, Assignments, Presentation, Individual and group projects
 

 

12.00
Unit I: 
UNIT 1

Chromatin organization: Chromosome structure, packaging of DNA (nucleosome organization, solenoid model), molecular organization of centromere and telomere, SMC proteins-Cohesin and Condensin proteins, cot curve, Repetitive DNA, DNA methylation, specialized types of chromosomes: polytene and lampbrush, B-chromosomes.

 

12.00
Unit II: 
UNIT II

Genome anatomies: Genomes of Virus, Bacteria and Eukaryotic organisms; mobile genetic elements, transformation, conjugation and transduction in bacteria, cytoplasmic male sterility, structural and numerical alternations in chromosomes, Robertsonian translocations, B-A translocations, Alien gene transfer-examples from Triticum, Arachis and Brassica.               

 

12.00
Unit III: 
UNIT III

Gene structure and expression: Fine structure of gene, translation, regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, significance of introns, panoply of operon, catabolic repression, attenuation and antitermination, Gene silencing: RNAi, Antisense RNA.

 

12.00
Unit IV: 
UNIT IV

Mutations: Spontaneous and induced mutations, physical and chemical mutagens, molecular basis of gene mutations, transposons, site-directed mutagenesis, proto-oncogene and oncogenes, Sex determination, Sex linked inheritence, Sex limited characters                                                               

 

12.00
Unit V: 
UNIT V

Molecular Cytogenetics:

Genetic mapping, genetic markers-RFLP, RAPD, SNPs.                                                      

Physical mapping- Restriction mapping, STS mapping and FISH

 

 

Essential Readings: 

Essential Readings:

  • Brown, T., Brown, T. A. (2012). Introduction to Genetics: A Molecular Approach. United Kingdom: Garland Science.
  • Russell, P. J. (2010). Genetics: a molecular approach. United Kingdom: Benjamin Cummings.
  • Singh, A., Singh, B. (2016). Marker-Assisted Plant Breeding: Principles and Practices: Springer India.
  • Gupta, P.K., Tsuchiya, T. (2012). Chromosome Engineering in Plants: Genetics, Breeding, Evolution.  Netherlands: Elsevier Science.
  • Sinha and Sinha. (2015). Cytogenetics, Plant Breeding and Evolution. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
  • Goldstein, E. S., Kilpatrick, S. T., Krebs, J. E. (2017). Lewin's GENE XII. Japan: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

 

Suggested Readings:

  • Pazdernik, N. J., Clark, D. P. (2013). Molecular Biology. Germany: Elsevier Science.
  • Snustad, D.P., Simmons, M.J. (2015). Principles of Genetics 7th edition; John Wiley & Sons Inc., USA.
  • Klug, W. S. (2012). Concepts of Genetics. United Kingdom: Pearson.
  • Hayward, M.D., Bosemark, N.O., Romagosa, T. (2012). Plant Breeding: Principles and Prospects.  Netherlands: Springer Netherlands.
  • Salinas, B. (2018). Plant Cytogenetics, Breeding and Evolution. United Kingdom: EDTECH.

 

References: 

 

e-Resources:

 

Journals:

  • Cytology and Genetics (Springer)
  • Cytology and Genetics (Nature)
  • Genetics Research (Hindwai)
  • Journal of Genetics and Genomics (Elsevier)      
  • Journal of Cytology (NCBI)                                                    

 

Academic Year: 
2023-2024
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