Botany Lab II

Paper Code: 
24BOT225
Credits: 
8
Contact Hours: 
240.00
Max. Marks: 
100.00
Objective: 
  1. To demonstrate practices and procedures that lead to acquisition of skills required for creating different types of professionals in the field of Botany like in research and development, teaching government and public services.

 

Course Outcomes: 

Course

 Course Outcomes

Learning and teaching strategies

Assessment Strategies

Course Code

Course Title

 

 

24BOT225

        

 

Botany Lab II

CO57: Develop holistic competencies viv-a-vis verbal and written communication skills, which will promote curiosity, innovation, and a passion for research including critical thinking

CO58: Apply and study the occurrence, distribution, structure and life history of lower plants such as pteridophyte, gymnosperms and fossils and learn the phylogeny and evolutionary concepts in lower group of plants. Student will develop the skill and will be able to prepare double stained micro preparation of the given material and identify on the basis of observation.  Students can critically differentiate fossil and living fossil.

Analyse the qualitative and quantitative floral components by using enumeration and suitable sampling and techniques and to understand the issues of environmental contexts and sustainable development with respect to assessment, conservation and utilization of floral diversity and the various methods of soil analysis, identification of various ions.

CO59: Apply the knowledge and principles of plant biochemistry to analyse and understand the biochemical processes like rate of photosynthesis, Osmosis, Relative transpiration, chromatography and metabolic pathways involved in crop growth, development, metabolism and stress responses. To develop skills to determine biomolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, etc. in known and unknown samples. Critically evaluate data, develop a hypothesis, and design experiments to address an interesting and novel problem

CO60: Contribute effectively in course-specific interaction.

Approach in Teaching:

Substantial laboratory-based practical components and experiments Learning Activities for the students:

Peer teaching, Model preparation,

Field-based learning

Project-based learning

 

 

Practical assignments and laboratory reports

Observation of practical skills

Individual and group project reports

 

Viva voce iinteractions are majorly adopted assessment methods

 

Unit I: 
Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Palaeobotany

 

· Study of vegetative and reproductive structures of the following genera: Psilotum, Lycopodium, Selaginella, Isoetes, Equisetum, Ophioglossum, Marsilea and any available fern.

  • Study of vegetative and reproductive structures of the following genera: Cycas, Ginkgo, Abies, Pinus, Picea , Taxus, Cryptomeria, Araucaria , Cephalotaxus, Cupressus, Podocarpus, Ephedra, Welwitschia, Gnetum
  • Study of the following genera: Rhynia, Horneophyton, Lyginopteris, Medullosa,    Neuropteris, Glossopteris. 

 

Unit II: 
Environmental Science

 

  • To determine minimum number of quadrats required for reliable estimate of biomass in grasslands.
  • To study the frequency of herbacious species in grassland and to compare the frequency distribution with Raunkair's standard frequency diagram
  • To estimate importance value index for grassland species on the basis of relative frequency, relative density and relative biomass in protected and grazed grassland.
  • To measure the vegetation cover of grassland through point frame method.
  • To measure the above ground plant biomass in a grassland.
  • To determine Kemps constant for dicot and monocot leaves and to estimate the leaf area index of a grassland community.
  • To determine diversity indices (richness, Simpson, Shannon weinner) in grazed and protected grassland.
  • To estimate bulk density and particle density of grassland and woodland soils.
  • To determine moisture content and water holding capacity of grassland and woodland soil.
  • To study the vegetation structure through profile diagram.
  • To estimate transparency, pH, and temperature of different water bodies.
  • To measure dissolved oxygen content in polluted and unpolluted water samples.
  • To estimate salinity of different water samples.
  • To determine the percent leaf area injury of different leaf samples collected around polluted sites.
  • To estimate dust holding capacity of the leaves of different plant species

 

Unit III: 
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry-I

 

  • Demonstration of phenomenon of osmosis by using potato osmometer.
  • Demonstration of phenomenon of imbibition.
  • Demonstration of the stomatal transpiration by four leaves method.
  •  To demonstrate that oxygen is evolved during photosynthesis by inverted funnel method.
  • To demonstrate that CO2, water, light and chlorophyll are essential for photosynthesis by ‘Moll’s half leaf’ experiment.
  • To determine the chlorophyll a / chlorophyll b ratio in C3 and C4 plants.
  • Isolation of intact chloroplasts and estimation of chloroplast proteins by spot protein assay.
  • Extraction of chloroplast pigments from leaves and preparation of the absorption spectrum of chlorophylls and carotenoids.
  • To demonstrate photophosphorylation in intact chloroplasts, resolve the phosphoproteins by SDS-PAGE and perform autoradiography.
  • To determine the value of RQ of different respiratory substrates using Ganong’s respirometer.
  • Demonstration of respiratory enzymes in plant tissues.
  • Demonstration of the substrate inducibility of the enzyme nitrate reductase.
  • Measurement of growth using auxanometer.
  • To study the effect of plant growth regulators on plant growth.

 

Unit IV: 
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry - II

 

  • To separate the given mixture of dyes using paper chromatography.
  • To separate the given mixture of amino acids using thin - layer chromatography.
  • To separate the given mixture of pigments using thin – layer chromatography.
  • Principles of colorimetry and spectrophotometry.
  • To estimate the conc. of protein using Folin’s reagent.
  • To estimate the conc. of protein using Biuret reagent.
  • Desalting of proteins by gel filtration chromatography, employing SephadexG-25.
  • Preparation of the standard curve of protein (BSA) and estimation of the protein content in extracts of plant material by Lowry’s or Bradford’s method.
  • Effect of time and enzyme concentration on the rate of reaction of enzyme
  • Effect of substrate concentration on activity of any enzyme and determination of its Km value.
  • Microchemical tests for the following – Cellulose, Cutin, Suberin, Lignin, Latex, Glucose, Sucrose, Proteins, Fats, Starch.
  • Phytochemical tests for – Alkaloids, Terpenes, Tannins and Anthocyanins

 

References: 

Books Recommended:

  • Ramakrishnan, S., Prasannan, K. G., & Rajan, R. (2001). Textbook of medical biochemistry. Hyderabad: Orient Longman.
  • Plummer, D. T. (2001). Introduction to Practical Biochemistry. India: Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company..
  • Singh, S.P.(2007) Practical Manual of Biochemistry. CBS Publisher, New Delhi.
  • Bajracharya, D. (2003). Experiments in plant physiology: A laboratory manual. New Delhi: Narosa.
  • Santra, S.C. (2015). College Botany Practical Vol.II. New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd., Calcutta.
  • Bendre, A.M. (2009). A Text Book of Practical Botany. Rastogi Publications, Meerut.
  • Pandey,S.N., Misra, S.P., Trivedi, P.C. (2016). Botany Vol. II. Vikas Publishing House.
  • Pandey,S.N., Misra, S.P., Trivedi, P.C. (2018). Botany Vol. III. Vikas Publishing House           

 

e-Resources:

 

Academic Year: 
2024-2025
  • Printer-friendly version
  • PDF version