General properties of drug constituents: glycosides, saponins, anthraquinone derivaties, enzymes, alkaloids, tannins, volatile oils, resins, gums, proteins and fixed oils.

Extraction: definition, various types. Theory of extraction of drugs. Extraction methods.

Introduction, pharmaceutical ingredients. General consideration in drug product formulation: Preformulation studies, stability, preservation against
microbial contamination, stability against aerial oxidation, taste and aesthetic qualities.

Introduction to plant drug quality control - authentication of drug samples; classification of evaluation and standardization methods.

Plant drug adulteration- types and methods. WHO guidelines to standardization and assessment of quality, safety and efficacy of herbal products.

Importance and application of ISO-9000 &14000;

Export potential of medicinal plants - plants for export, present status, hurdles, impact on biodiversity of producer countries.

Detection of heavy metals, pesticide residues, microbial contamination. Biological and
radio-immuno assay of herbal drugs. Finger print profiles and their significance in quality assurance.

Patent, Plant variety protection bill, geographical indications, trade secrets, data base, trade mark, copy right, patent applications notification, sanctioning, Indian patent act, TRIPS.