Simple and complex permanent tissues; primary and secondary structure of root, stem and leaf general account of their structure and their roles, anomalous secondary growth (Bignonia, Boerhaavia, Leptadenia and Nyctanthes), cambium, periderm, lenticels, secretory ducts and laticifers.

Histological organization of shoot apical meristem and root apical meristem, origin and development of leaf, types of root system, origin of lateral roots, root hair; branching and its patterns.

 Structure of anthers, microsporogenesis, role of tapetum, pollination, pollen germination, pollen tube growth . Megasporogenesis, ovule development, types of ovules, development and types of embryo sacs, embryo sac cells, and double fertilization, in vitro fertilization. 

 Endosperm: structure, types and development, Embryogenesis: the zygote, laws of embryogenesis, embryo development in dicotyledons and monocotyledons, nutrition of embryo, polyembryony, apomixis.

Development and structure of seed in monocotyledons and dicotyledons, suspended animation: seed dormancy (primary and secondary), causes of seed dormancy.